PostgreSQL is the world’s most advanced open source database. Developed over 25 years by a vibrant and independent open source community, PostgreSQL was born from the same research as Oracle and DB2 and contains comparable enterprise class features such as full ACID compliance for outstanding transaction reliability and Multi-Version Concurrency Control for supporting high concurrent loads.
PostgreSQL supports standards such as ANSI SQL and SQL/MED (including foreign data wrappers for Oracle, MySQL, MongoDB and many others) and yet is highly extensible with support for over 12 procedural languages, GIN and GIST Indexes, Spatial data support, and multiple NoSQL like features for document (JSON) or key-value based applications. PostgreSQL includes:
World's most advanced open source database
25+ years of development by a large, independent and thriving community
Most secure open source database available
Fully supported by EnterpriseDB's own PostgreSQL experts
Active world-wide deployments in public and private sector organizations of all sizes and missions
Commands:
1) How to change PostgreSQL root user password ?
$ /usr/local/pgsql/bin/psql postgres postgres
Password: (oldpassword)
# ALTER USER postgres WITH PASSWORD 'tmppassword';
$ /usr/local/pgsql/bin/psql postgres postgres
Password: (tmppassword)
Changing the password for a normal postgres user is similar as changing the password of the root user. Root user can change the password of any user, and the normal users can only change their passwords as Unix way of doing.
# ALTER USER username WITH PASSWORD 'tmppassword';
2. How to setup PostgreSQL SysV startup script?
$ su - root
# tar xvfz postgresql-8.3.7.tar.gz
# cd postgresql-8.3.7
# cp contrib/start-scripts/linux /etc/rc.d/init.d/postgresql
# chmod a+x /etc/rc.d/init.d/postgresql
3. How to check whether PostgreSQL server is up and running?
$ /etc/init.d/postgresql status
Password:
pg_ctl: server is running (PID: 6171)
/usr/local/pgsql/bin/postgres "-D" "/usr/local/pgsql/data"
[Note: The status above indicates the server is up and running]
$ /etc/init.d/postgresql status
Password:
pg_ctl: no server running
[Note: The status above indicates the server is down]
4. How to start, stop and restart PostgreSQL database?
# service postgresql stop
Stopping PostgreSQL: server stopped
ok
# service postgresql start
Starting PostgreSQL: ok
# service postgresql restart
Restarting PostgreSQL: server stopped
ok
5. How do I find out what version of PostgreSQL I am running?
$ /usr/local/pgsql/bin/psql test
Welcome to psql 8.3.7, the PostgreSQL interactive terminal.
Type: \copyright for distribution terms
\h for help with SQL commands
\? for help with psql commands
\g or terminate with semicolon to execute query
\q to quit
test=# select version();
version
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
PostgreSQL 8.3.7 on i686-pc-linux-gnu, compiled by GCC gcc (GCC) 4.1.2 20071124 (Red Hat 4.1.2-42)
(1 row)
test=#
5. How to create a PostgreSQL user ?
There are two methods in which you can create user.
Method 1: Creating the user in the PSQL prompt, with CREATE USER command.
# CREATE USER ramesh WITH password 'tmppassword';
CREATE ROLE
Method 2: Creating the user in the shell prompt, with createuser command.
$ /usr/local/pgsql/bin/createuser sathiya
Shall the new role be a superuser? (y/n) n
Shall the new role be allowed to create databases? (y/n) n
Shall the new role be allowed to create more new roles? (y/n) n
CREATE ROLE
6. How to create a PostgreSQL Database ?
There are two metods in which you can create two databases.
Method 1: Creating the database in the PSQL prompt, with createuser command.
# CREATE DATABASE mydb WITH OWNER ramesh;
CREATE DATABASE
Method 2: Creating the database in the shell prompt, with createdb command.
$ /usr/local/pgsql/bin/createdb mydb -O ramesh
CREATE DATABASE
* -O owner name is the option in the command line.
7. How do I get a list of databases in a Postgresql database ?
# \l [Note: This is backslash followed by lower-case L]
List of databases
Name | Owner | Encoding
----------+----------+----------
backup | postgres | UTF8
mydb | ramesh | UTF8
postgres | postgres | UTF8
template0 | postgres | UTF8
template1 | postgres | UTF8
8. How to Delete/Drop an existing PostgreSQL database ?
# \l
List of databases
Name | Owner | Encoding
----------+----------+----------
backup | postgres | UTF8
mydb | ramesh | UTF8
postgres | postgres | UTF8
template0 | postgres | UTF8
template1 | postgres | UTF8
# DROP DATABASE mydb;
DROP DATABASE
9. Getting help on postgreSQL commands
\? will show PSQL command prompt help. \h CREATE will shows help about all the commands that starts with CREATE, when you want something specific such as help for creating index, then you need to give CREATE INDEX.
# \?
# \h CREATE
# \h CREATE INDEX
10. How do I get a list of all the tables in a Postgresql database?
# \d
On an empty database, you’ll get “No relations found.” message for the above command.
11. How to turn on timing, and checking how much time a query takes to execute ?
# \timing — After this if you execute a query it will show how much time it took for doing it.
# \timing
Timing is on.
# SELECT * from pg_catalog.pg_attribute ;
Time: 9.583 ms
12. How To Backup and Restore PostgreSQL Database and Table?
We discussed earlier how to backup and restore postgres database and tables using pg_dump and psql utility.
13. How to see the list of available functions in PostgreSQL ?
To get to know more about the functions, say \df+
# \df
# \df+
14. How to edit PostgreSQL queries in your favorite editor ?
# \e
\e will open the editor, where you can edit the queries and save it. By doing so the query will get executed.
15. Where can i find the postgreSQL history file ?
Similar to the Linux ~/.bash_history file, postgreSQL stores all the sql command that was executed in a history filed called ~/.psql_history as shown below.
$ cat ~/.psql_history
alter user postgres with password 'tmppassword';
\h alter user
select version();
create user ramesh with password 'tmppassword';
\timing
select * from pg_catalog.pg_attribute;
World's most advanced open source database
25+ years of development by a large, independent and thriving community
Most secure open source database available
Fully supported by EnterpriseDB's own PostgreSQL experts
Active world-wide deployments in public and private sector organizations of all sizes and missions
Commands:
1) How to change PostgreSQL root user password ?
$ /usr/local/pgsql/bin/psql postgres postgres
Password: (oldpassword)
# ALTER USER postgres WITH PASSWORD 'tmppassword';
$ /usr/local/pgsql/bin/psql postgres postgres
Password: (tmppassword)
Changing the password for a normal postgres user is similar as changing the password of the root user. Root user can change the password of any user, and the normal users can only change their passwords as Unix way of doing.
# ALTER USER username WITH PASSWORD 'tmppassword';
2. How to setup PostgreSQL SysV startup script?
$ su - root
# tar xvfz postgresql-8.3.7.tar.gz
# cd postgresql-8.3.7
# cp contrib/start-scripts/linux /etc/rc.d/init.d/postgresql
# chmod a+x /etc/rc.d/init.d/postgresql
3. How to check whether PostgreSQL server is up and running?
$ /etc/init.d/postgresql status
Password:
pg_ctl: server is running (PID: 6171)
/usr/local/pgsql/bin/postgres "-D" "/usr/local/pgsql/data"
[Note: The status above indicates the server is up and running]
$ /etc/init.d/postgresql status
Password:
pg_ctl: no server running
[Note: The status above indicates the server is down]
4. How to start, stop and restart PostgreSQL database?
# service postgresql stop
Stopping PostgreSQL: server stopped
ok
# service postgresql start
Starting PostgreSQL: ok
# service postgresql restart
Restarting PostgreSQL: server stopped
ok
5. How do I find out what version of PostgreSQL I am running?
$ /usr/local/pgsql/bin/psql test
Welcome to psql 8.3.7, the PostgreSQL interactive terminal.
Type: \copyright for distribution terms
\h for help with SQL commands
\? for help with psql commands
\g or terminate with semicolon to execute query
\q to quit
test=# select version();
version
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
PostgreSQL 8.3.7 on i686-pc-linux-gnu, compiled by GCC gcc (GCC) 4.1.2 20071124 (Red Hat 4.1.2-42)
(1 row)
test=#
5. How to create a PostgreSQL user ?
There are two methods in which you can create user.
Method 1: Creating the user in the PSQL prompt, with CREATE USER command.
# CREATE USER ramesh WITH password 'tmppassword';
CREATE ROLE
Method 2: Creating the user in the shell prompt, with createuser command.
$ /usr/local/pgsql/bin/createuser sathiya
Shall the new role be a superuser? (y/n) n
Shall the new role be allowed to create databases? (y/n) n
Shall the new role be allowed to create more new roles? (y/n) n
CREATE ROLE
6. How to create a PostgreSQL Database ?
There are two metods in which you can create two databases.
Method 1: Creating the database in the PSQL prompt, with createuser command.
# CREATE DATABASE mydb WITH OWNER ramesh;
CREATE DATABASE
Method 2: Creating the database in the shell prompt, with createdb command.
$ /usr/local/pgsql/bin/createdb mydb -O ramesh
CREATE DATABASE
* -O owner name is the option in the command line.
7. How do I get a list of databases in a Postgresql database ?
# \l [Note: This is backslash followed by lower-case L]
List of databases
Name | Owner | Encoding
----------+----------+----------
backup | postgres | UTF8
mydb | ramesh | UTF8
postgres | postgres | UTF8
template0 | postgres | UTF8
template1 | postgres | UTF8
8. How to Delete/Drop an existing PostgreSQL database ?
# \l
List of databases
Name | Owner | Encoding
----------+----------+----------
backup | postgres | UTF8
mydb | ramesh | UTF8
postgres | postgres | UTF8
template0 | postgres | UTF8
template1 | postgres | UTF8
# DROP DATABASE mydb;
DROP DATABASE
9. Getting help on postgreSQL commands
\? will show PSQL command prompt help. \h CREATE will shows help about all the commands that starts with CREATE, when you want something specific such as help for creating index, then you need to give CREATE INDEX.
# \?
# \h CREATE
# \h CREATE INDEX
10. How do I get a list of all the tables in a Postgresql database?
# \d
On an empty database, you’ll get “No relations found.” message for the above command.
11. How to turn on timing, and checking how much time a query takes to execute ?
# \timing — After this if you execute a query it will show how much time it took for doing it.
# \timing
Timing is on.
# SELECT * from pg_catalog.pg_attribute ;
Time: 9.583 ms
12. How To Backup and Restore PostgreSQL Database and Table?
We discussed earlier how to backup and restore postgres database and tables using pg_dump and psql utility.
13. How to see the list of available functions in PostgreSQL ?
To get to know more about the functions, say \df+
# \df
# \df+
14. How to edit PostgreSQL queries in your favorite editor ?
# \e
\e will open the editor, where you can edit the queries and save it. By doing so the query will get executed.
15. Where can i find the postgreSQL history file ?
Similar to the Linux ~/.bash_history file, postgreSQL stores all the sql command that was executed in a history filed called ~/.psql_history as shown below.
$ cat ~/.psql_history
alter user postgres with password 'tmppassword';
\h alter user
select version();
create user ramesh with password 'tmppassword';
\timing
select * from pg_catalog.pg_attribute;
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